Searching for long-lived particles beyond the Standard Model at the Large Hadron Collider

CC BYF. RediAlberto MariottiJuliette AlimenaArka SantraFabrizio NestiNathaniel CraigVasiliki A MitsouJonathan L. FengMalte BuschmannMartino BorsatoOliver BuchmuellerEric ConteSophie RennerPatrick FoldenauerBiplab DeyGiovanna CottinFreya BlekmanXabier Cid VidalLuigi Delle RoseRobert BainbridgeJia LiuZhen LiuIgor KostiukSimon KnapenAlbert De RoeckMaxim Yu. KhlopovAndrea GiammancoMartin HirschHeather Lynn RussellMiha NemevšekJ. EvansLukas HeinrichMarco DrewesDavid CurtinYevgeny KatsIacopo LongariniGiuliano GustavinoChristopher George TullyJuan Carlos HeloJames Baker BeachamAlessandro DavoliBabette DöbrichJan HajerSanha CheongBrian ShuveMatthew ReeceBenjamin FuksNishita DesaiAhmed HammadAndrea De SimoneAndre LessaY. CuiElena Dall'OccoTodd AdamsChristian OhmKevin McdermottBenjamin BrauAnnapaola De CosaFelix KlingMiriam DiamondWendy TaylorLisa BenatoMatthew CitronWeinan SiHugues BeauchesneSascha MehlhaseBrooks ThomasJiang Hao YuMarat FreytsisWouter HulsbergenVictor CocoH. Rejeb SfarC. C. YoungFelix CormierArtur ApresyanSimon BerlendisM. Ramsey-MusolfLene BryngemarkSilvia PascoliMelissa YexleyAntonio PolicicchioRyu SawadaJavier Montejo BerlingenSergio GrancagnoloMichael AdersbergerMarco TrovatoCristiano David SebastianiDaniel Robert MarlowMartina VitKevin SungInaki LaraChunhui ChenMichele SelvaggiJessica PrisciandaroMarco FarinaGreg LandsbergPhilip SchusterEnnio SalvioniWilliam ButtingerEshwen BhalJingyu LuoJohn StupakHenning KellerGiovanna CottinSebastian TemplDaniele TrocinoMario CampanelliJuan Carlos VasquezLuigi Delle RoseKarla Josefina Pena RodriguezCari CesarottiDean J. RobinsonGiorgia RaucoVladimir GligorovSebastian TrojanowskiAmber RoepeFrank F. DeppischKeith R. DienesSiddharth Mishra-SharmaJosé ZuritaK. A. JohnsYangyang ChengSven DildickLouie CorpeAlberto Escalante Del ValleStephen MrennaJohn HuthPedro SchwallerBasile VermassenXiaoping WangC. DallapiccolaKevin PedroGaia LanfranchiHenning FlaecherAudrey Katherine KvamKristian HahnGregor KasieczkaThomas JacquesAndrea CoccaroPiotr ZalewskiDavid Michael MorseM. ElsawyJames PinfoldSabine KramlAlessandro MorandiniChristina BorovilouMohamed Rashad DarwishCarlos Vázquez SierraTobias GollingTamás Álmos VámiSi XieToshiaki KajiTova Ray HolmesChristopher S. HillMason ProffittJamie BoydSteven LowetteAlice Polyxeni MorrisHsin-Chia ChengStefano GiaguMatthieu MarinangeliEmma Torró-PastorBrian ShuveMalgorzata KazanaMonica VerducciCristiano AlpigianiGavin Grant HeskethJudita MamuzicYuri GershteinYongchao ZhangGoran PoparaSezen SekmenDavid MilsteadDylan LinthorneDaniel StolarskiHenry LubattiMargaret Susan LutzIftah GalonPhilippe MermodFilip MoortgatMatthew McCulloughBodhitha JayatilakaLivia SoffiDevin G. E. WalkerGeng Yuan JengMarcus HohlmannAndy HaasDavid StuartJónatan PiedraManfredi RonzaniJessie SheltonChristian Ohm2025-06-172025-06-172020-09-010954-38991361-647110.1088/1361-6471/ab457410.60692/yfygw-6c82310.5445/ir/100012471610.18154/rwth-2020-1036710.48550/arxiv.1903.0449710.60692/havmz-1aw36https://ror.circle-u.eu/handle/123456789/720681Abstract Particles beyond the Standard Model (SM) can generically have lifetimes that are long compared to SM particles at the weak scale. When produced at experiments such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, these long-lived particles (LLPs) can decay far from the interaction vertex of the primary proton–proton collision. Such LLP signatures are distinct from those of promptly decaying particles that are targeted by the majority of searches for new physics at the LHC, often requiring customized techniques to identify, for example, significantly displaced decay vertices, tracks with atypical properties, and short track segments. Given their non-standard nature, a comprehensive overview of LLP signatures at the LHC is beneficial to ensure that possible avenues of the discovery of new physics are not overlooked. Here we report on the joint work of a community of theorists and experimentalists with the ATLAS, CMS, and LHCb experiments—as well as those working on dedicated experiments such as MoEDAL, milliQan, MATHUSLA, CODEX-b, and FASER—to survey the current state of LLP searches at the LHC, and to chart a path for the development of LLP searches into the future, both in the upcoming Run 3 and at the high-luminosity LHC. The work is organized around the current and future potential capabilities of LHC experiments to generally discover new LLPs, and takes a signature-based approach to surveying classes of models that give rise to LLPs rather than emphasizing any particular theory motivation. We develop a set of simplified models; assess the coverage of current searches; document known, often unexpected backgrounds; explore the capabilities of proposed detector upgrades; provide recommendations for the presentation of search results; and look towards the newest frontiers, namely high-multiplicity ‘dark showers’, highlighting opportunities for expanding the LHC reach for these signals.OPENHistorylarge hadron colliderPROTON-PROTON COLLISIONSbeyond the standard modelAtomicParticle and Plasma Physicshigh-luminosity lhcHigh Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph)high-energy collider experimentsbeyond the Standard Model; long-lived particles; Large Hadron Collider; high-luminosity LHC; collider phenomenology; high-energy collider experiments;info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/530QClifetimeROOT-S=13 TEVPhysicsddc:530Particle physicshep-phHigh Energy Physics - Experiment; High Energy Physics - Experiment; High Energy Physics - Phenomenologydetector: upgradeddc:Nuclear and plasma physicsHigh Energy Physics - PhenomenologyCERN LHC CollArchaeologyParticle and high energy physicsPhysical Sciencesvertex: primarysignaturep p: scatteringPAIR PRODUCTIONcollider phenomenologyAdvancements in Particle Detector TechnologyQuantum mechanicsParticle Dark Matter and Detection MethodsBARYON ASYMMETRYParticle Physics and High-Energy Collider ExperimentsPP COLLISIONSMolecularshowersPhysics beyond the Standard ModelMAJORANA NEUTRINOSdetector: proposedGauge (firearms)pair productionMATHUSLAproton-proton collisionshigh-energymajorana neutrinosp p: colliding beamsPhysics BSMHIGH-ENERGYbeyond the Standard ModelNuclear physicsHigh Energy Physics - ExperimentLuminosityHigh Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex)MAGNETIC MONOPOLESdecay: vertex[PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex]long-lived particlesHigh-Energy Colliderdark gauge forcesCMSroot-s=13 tevnew physics: search forscale: electroweak interactionParticle and High Energy PhysicsATLASNuclear and Plasma PhysicsNuclear & Particles PhysicsLarge extra dimensionLarge Hadron Colliderbaryon asymmetryLHCexclusion limitspp collisionsNuclear and High Energy PhysicsCERN LabreviewFOS: Physical sciencesDARK GAUGE FORCES530Nuclearnumerical calculationsEXCLUSION LIMITSmagnetic monopoleshep-exbackgroundbibliographyStandard Model (mathematical formulation)530 PhysiktracksLHC-BGalaxyhigh-luminosity LHCPhysics and Astronomy[PHYS.HPHE]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Phenomenology [hep-ph]particle: long-livedParticle Detectorsexperimental resultsSearching for long-lived particles beyond the Standard Model at the Large Hadron Colliderpublication01 natural sciences0103 physical sciencesdoi_dedup___:729edf1ffd299ac6642d834c5f88c882http://arxiv.org/abs/1903.0449710261/30994110281/4351152078.1/24136910446/26753010067/172010015116216514120.500.11770/3327811983/e17fa0f3-6c70-4b0a-92b4-1e8ad3b3d6c511568/107586720.500.14017/f66d7704-ec69-49f6-a8b2-6e25100532b111697/13923911697/15371911585/80910920.500.11767/1166151854/LU-8731725